Abdominal Pain: Causes, Types, Treatment and When to Seek Help
Abdominal pain is a common issue that can range from mild discomfort to severe pain. In most cases, it is temporary and caused by minor digestive issues, such as a gut infection or an upset stomach. However, persistent or intense pain may indicate an underlying condition that requires medical attention.
What Is Abdominal Pain?
The abdomen is the area between your ribs and hips. Pain in this region is often called:
- Stomach pain
- Tummy ache
- Belly pain
- Gut ache
Doctors refer to this discomfort as abdominal pain, which can originate from the digestive system or other organs within the abdominal cavity.
Types of Abdominal Pain
Abdominal pain can feel different depending on the cause. It may be:
- Sharp or stabbing: A sudden, intense pain.
- Cramping: Pain that comes in waves and may ease temporarily.
- Colicky: A pain that builds up and then subsides repeatedly.
- Dull or aching: A persistent discomfort.
Doctors also consider where the pain is located and whether it spreads to other areas, such as the back or shoulders. The timing and associated symptoms, like nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea, can help identify the underlying cause.
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
For clinical purposes, the abdominopelvic cavity is commonly divided into four quadrants. This system helps healthcare professionals identify the location of pain or detect abnormalities during an abdominal examination.
- Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ): Includes parts of the liver, gallbladder, right kidney, and sections of the large and small intestines. For more details on pain in this quadrant please see “Pain in Upper Right Abdomen: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment“
- Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ): Contains the stomach, spleen, left kidney, and portions of the colon and pancreas. For more details on pain in this quadrant please see “Upper Left Abdominal Pain: Common Causes and Treatment“.
- Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ): Houses the appendix, cecum, and segments of the large and small intestines. For more details on pain in this quadrant please see “Lower Right Abdominal Pain: Causes, and When to See a Doctor“
- Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ): Encompasses parts of the descending colon and sigmoid colon, as well as the left ovary and fallopian tube in females. For more details on pain in this quadrant please see “Lower Left Abdominal Pain: Common Causes and Treatment“.
Common Causes of Abdominal Pain
There are many possible reasons for abdominal pain, ranging from minor digestive issues to more serious conditions. Here are some of the most common causes:
Indigestion
Indigestion can cause discomfort in the upper abdomen, often after eating rich or fatty foods. Symptoms may include:
- A burning sensation behind the breastbone
- Burping or bloating
- A sour or acidic taste in the mouth
Most cases of indigestion resolve on their own or with over-the-counter remedies. However, chest pain that radiates to the jaw or left arm could indicate a heart-related issue. If this happens, seek immediate medical attention.
Gas and Bloating
Crampy pain and bloating after eating may be caused by gas buildup. Passing gas or having a bowel movement often relieves discomfort. If symptoms persist, a pharmacist may recommend medications to ease bloating and gas. You can try these natural remedies to relieve gas and bloating “Tea for Bloating: 13 Natural Recipes to Relieve Gas“.
Constipation
Constipation occurs when bowel movements become infrequent or difficult. It can lead to:
- Lower abdominal cramping
- Feeling bloated or nauseous
- Straining during bowel movements
Increasing fiber intake, drinking plenty of water, and staying active can help relieve constipation. If the problem persists, a doctor may suggest laxatives or other treatments.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
IBS is a common digestive disorder with symptoms that vary from person to person. These may include:
- Recurring stomach pain
- Gas and bloating
- Episodes of diarrhea or constipation
While IBS has no cure, lifestyle changes and medications can help manage symptoms. A doctor can recommend dietary adjustments and other treatments to reduce discomfort.
Diverticular Disease
Diverticular disease occurs when small pouches (diverticula) form in the colon, often due to a low-fiber diet. Many people have no symptoms, but some experience ongoing lower abdominal discomfort. In more severe cases, flare-ups can cause intense pain, requiring treatment with pain relievers and antibiotics.
Appendicitis
Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix, a small organ attached to the intestines. It usually begins with pain in the middle of the abdomen that shifts to the lower right side. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, and worsening pain over several hours. Appendicitis is a medical emergency and often requires surgery. For more details please see “Appendicitis: Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
“.
Kidney Stones
Kidney stones are hard deposits of minerals that form in the kidneys and can cause intense pain, often beginning in the lower back and radiating toward the groin. This sharp, wave-like pain, called renal colic, may be accompanied by blood in the urine (hematuria). While small stones can sometimes pass naturally with increased fluid intake, larger ones may require medical intervention, such as shock wave lithotripsy to break them into smaller pieces or surgical removal in severe cases.
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
UTIs are a common cause of lower abdominal pain, especially in women. Symptoms may include a burning sensation while urinating, frequent urges to urinate, and cloudy or bloody urine. Infections should be treated promptly with antibiotics to prevent complications. Learn more “Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), Causes, Symptoms, Types and Treatment“.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
PID is an infection of the reproductive organs in women, often caused by sexually transmitted bacteria. It can cause lower abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, and discomfort during intercourse. Treatment usually involves antibiotics to clear the infection. For more information “Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention“.
Gallstones
Gallstones are hardened deposits that form in the gallbladder, often without causing any symptoms. However, if they obstruct the bile ducts, they can trigger intense pain in the upper right abdomen, a condition known as biliary colic. This pain typically worsens after consuming fatty meals and can persist for several hours. In cases of persistent blockage, treatment may involve an endoscopic procedure (such as ERCP) or surgical removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy).
Period Pain
Many women experience cramping and lower abdominal pain during their menstrual cycle. For some, the pain is mild, but for others, it can be severe enough to interfere with daily activities. Over-the-counter pain relievers and lifestyle changes can help manage symptoms. In some cases, underlying conditions like endometriosis may contribute to severe period pain. For more details please see “Painful Periods – Menstrual Cramps – Dysmenorrhea“.
Food Poisoning
Food poisoning occurs when consuming contaminated food leads to an infection or irritation in the digestive system. Common symptoms include abdominal cramping, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. Discomfort often subsides after bowel movements, and most cases resolve on their own within a few days. However, severe dehydration, marked by dizziness, dry mouth, or reduced urination, may require medical intervention. In cases of bacterial gastroenteritis, antibiotics might be necessary.
Stomach and Duodenal Ulcers
Ulcers are sores in the lining of the stomach or the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). They can cause burning pain in the upper abdomen, which may improve or worsen with food. In severe cases, ulcers can lead to internal bleeding, requiring urgent medical care.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
IBD includes conditions like Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, which cause chronic inflammation of the digestive tract. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, and fatigue. Flare-ups can be severe, requiring medical treatment to manage symptoms.
Gastritis
Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining, often due to infections, certain medications, or excessive alcohol consumption. It can cause upper abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and a burning sensation. Treatment may include dietary changes, medications, and avoiding irritants.
Can Cancer Cause Abdominal Pain?
While most people with abdominal pain do not have cancer, certain types of cancer can cause discomfort in the abdomen. Cancer-related pain is often accompanied by other symptoms, though not always. Below are some types of cancer that may cause abdominal pain:
- Bowel cancer: Can cause persistent abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits, weight loss, and blood in the stool.
- Pancreatic cancer: May lead to upper abdominal pain that radiates to the back. It often starts with symptoms like jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes).
- Stomach cancer: Causes pain similar to gastritis but does not improve with common remedies.
- Ovarian cancer: Can cause abdominal or pelvic pain, bloating, feeling full quickly after eating, and frequent urination.
It is important to remember that these symptoms can also be caused by non-cancerous conditions. If you experience persistent pain or other concerning symptoms, consult a doctor for an evaluation.
How Is Abdominal Pain Diagnosed?
Because abdominal pain has many potential causes, a doctor will assess your symptoms and perform a physical examination to determine the likely cause. In some cases, no further testing is needed, but if necessary, diagnostic tests may include:
- Blood tests: To check for infections, inflammation, or other underlying conditions.
- Urine tests: To detect infections or kidney-related issues.
- Stool tests: To identify infections, digestive problems, or blood in the stool.
- Imaging scans: Ultrasound, CT scans, or MRI scans may be used to examine internal organs.
- Endoscopy: Procedures like gastroscopy or colonoscopy can help diagnose conditions affecting the digestive tract.
How to Treat Abdominal Pain
Treatment depends on the cause of the pain. Some cases can be managed with over-the-counter medications, while others may require medical treatment. Possible treatments include:
- Pain relief: Mild pain may be treated with antacids, anti-inflammatory drugs, or pain relievers.
- Antibiotics: Used for infections such as UTIs or bacterial gastroenteritis.
- Dietary changes: Adjusting fiber intake, avoiding trigger foods, and staying hydrated can help with digestive discomfort.
- Medical procedures: In severe cases, surgery or other interventions may be needed.
If you are unsure of the cause of your pain or if it worsens, seek medical advice.
When to See a Doctor
While some cases of abdominal pain go away on their own, you should see a doctor if you experience:
- Severe or persistent pain lasting more than a few hours.
- Pain that spreads to the chest, back, or shoulders.
- Unexplained weight loss.
- Blood in your stool or black, tarry stools.
- Fever along with abdominal pain.
- Vomiting that lasts more than a day.
Seek emergency care if:
- The pain is sudden and severe.
- You experience difficulty breathing.
- You have severe vomiting or signs of dehydration.
How to Prevent Abdominal Pain
While not all causes of abdominal pain can be prevented, certain lifestyle habits can help maintain digestive health:
Eat Plenty of Fruits and Vegetables
Eating at least five portions of fruits and vegetables daily can reduce the risk of heart disease, stroke, and bowel cancer. They also:
- Provide fiber to promote regular bowel movements and prevent constipation.
- Contain essential vitamins and minerals for overall health.
- Are naturally low in fat and calories.
Increase Fiber Intake
Fiber aids digestion and reduces the risk of constipation and other bowel issues. Good sources of fiber include:
- Whole grains (wholemeal bread, brown rice, whole wheat pasta).
- Legumes (lentils, beans, chickpeas).
- Fruits and vegetables.
When increasing fiber intake, drink plenty of fluids (at least 6–8 cups a day) to prevent digestive discomfort.
Final Thoughts
Abdominal pain can have many causes, ranging from mild digestive discomfort to more serious conditions requiring medical attention. If your pain is persistent, severe, or accompanied by other concerning symptoms, consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment. Keeping track of your symptoms and maintaining a healthy diet can also help prevent digestive issues and promote overall well-being.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can Stress Cause Abdominal Pain?
Yes, stress and anxiety can trigger stomach pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits. This type of pain is usually temporary and improves once the stressful situation passes.
Can a Bladder Infection Cause Abdominal Pain?
Yes, a bladder infection (cystitis) can cause lower abdominal pain. It often comes with other symptoms like painful urination and frequent urges to urinate.
Does Constipation Cause Abdominal Pain?
Yes, constipation can lead to abdominal pain, bloating, and nausea. Increasing fiber intake, staying hydrated, and staying active can help relieve symptoms.
What does pain on the right side of the stomach indicate?
Right-sided abdominal pain could be due to appendicitis, gallstones, liver issues, or even muscle strain. If the pain worsens or is accompanied by fever or nausea, see a doctor.
Why do I have stomach pain after eating?
Stomach pain after eating could be caused by food intolerances, acid reflux, ulcers, or gallbladder issues. Keeping a food diary and noting triggers can help identify the cause.
What causes sharp pain in the lower left abdomen?
Sharp pain in the lower left abdomen can be due to diverticulitis, gas, constipation, or ovarian issues in females. If the pain is intense or persistent, consult a healthcare provider.
How can I relieve upper stomach pain immediately?
Drinking warm water, avoiding heavy or acidic foods, and using over-the-counter antacids may provide relief. However, if pain persists or worsens, seek medical advice.
What does pain in the upper abdomen under the breasts mean?
Pain in this area may be due to acid reflux, gastritis, or gallbladder issues. If it occurs frequently or is severe, a doctor should evaluate the underlying cause.
What is the difference between abdominal pain and stomach pain?
Abdominal pain refers to discomfort anywhere between the chest and pelvis, while stomach pain specifically affects the stomach area, often linked to digestion.
